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Abstract modelling transport and mixing by turbulence in complex flows is one of the greatest challenges for cfd this highly readable volume introduces the reader to a level of modelling that. Inproceedingshanjalic2011modellingti titlemodelling turbulence in engineering and the environment second moment routes to closure authork hanjalic and b launder year2011 preface nomenclature 1 introduction 2 the exact equations 3 characterization of stress and flux dynamics . Launder b hanjalic k 2011 modelling turbulence in engineering and the environment second moment routes to closure cambridge university press cambridge uk. 43 the basic second moment closure for high re flow regions 67 44 pressure strain models from tensor expansion 86 45 turbulence affected by force fields 113 46 modelling the triple moments 134 5 modelling the scale determining equations 143 51 the energy dissipation rate s 143 52 other scale determining equations 156. Second moment turbulence models focus directly on the transport equations for the reynolds stresses rather than supposing the stress and strain fields to be directly linked via an eddy viscosity this elaboration enables the effects of complex strains and force fields on the turbulence structure to be better captured